![]() ![]() In this paper, we investigate the role of health personnel for the improvement in health outcomes in Norway. However, from the 1880s onward, there was a near continuous fall in mortality (Backer 1961). ![]() 2008), mortality rates in the late 19th century were still at par with most present day African countries. Although the country was among the first to enter the demographic transition and see marked drops in infant mortality (Pitkänen 2002 Edvinsson et al. Norway had a comprehensive, yet rudimentary public health system at an early point in time, and experienced large declines in mortality rates starting in the early 19th century. This is the purpose of the present paper. However, a more precise assessment of the historical effect of particular changes in health policies is not feasible without conducting an analysis with a research design suitable for causal inference. ![]() The changes to life expectancy that came in the late 19th and early 20th century in the Western world were dramatic, and their reasons are suggested to have been improved material living standards, better access to health care, and improvements in medicine (Deaton 2013). The World Health Organization ( 2019) estimates that about 295,000 women still die every year in connection with child birth. Pregnancy and child bearing are major determinants of female health, today particularly in poor countries. During most of human history, life expectancy has been low and maternal and child mortality have been high. ![]()
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